Language-specific validation
Validating a new score in different languages requires language-specific validation, not just the translation of an already validated score into another language. Therefore, validation in particular has been a very elaboratestatistical process involving more than 6,000 questionnaires of different languages. In 2018, development and validation of the EFAS Score was completed in 7 languages (Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Swedish, Polish). The Finnish and Turkish score versions followed 2020, the Persian version 2021, the Portuguese version 2022, the Spanish and Estonian versions 2023, the Danish version in 2024 and the Mandarin and Cantonese version 2025. Thus, the validated and published language-specific scoreversions cover 16 languages in total (Cantonese, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, German, Finnish, French, Italian, Mandarin, Polish, Portuguese, Persian, Spanish, Swedish and Turkish) comprising 460 million or 65% of all mother tongues in Europe. When looking at total speakers (mother tongue and secondary languages, the EFAS Score isvalidated for more than 4 billion total speakers, respectively the majority of the worlds population. Not necessary to mention that the validated EFAS Score versions cover by far the most mother tongues and total speakersof all foot and ankle scores worldwide. Other language versions including non-native European languages are under validation (Greek, Hungarian, Latvian, Norwegian, Slovenian, Welsh).
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